Osteoporosis
Figure 1: Bone Comparison
Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease characterized by a decrease in bone density and strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures. It occurs when the body loses too much bone mass, makes too little bone, or both. Often referred to as a “silent disease,” osteoporosis can develop without noticeable symptoms until a fracture occurs, typically in the hip, spine, or wrist.
Key risk factors include age, particularly in postmenopausal women due to decreased oestrogen levels; genetic predisposition and family history; lifestyle factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and poor nutrition (especially low calcium and vitamin D intake); as well as certain medical conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and gastrointestinal diseases. Additionally, long-term use of medications such as corticosteroids can further increase the risk of developing osteoporosis.
Bone Density Test which a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan is commonly used to measure bone density.
- Fractures are the most common symptom, often occurring with minimal or no trauma (e.g., a fall).
- Gradual height loss due to spinal compression.
- Posture changes, development of a stooped or hunched posture or Dowager’s hump
- Back pain, caused by fractures or collapsed vertebrae which is often episodic
- Physiotherapy Managements:
- Exercise Therapy:
- Weight-Bearing Exercises: Activities like walking, dancing, and low-impact aerobics help stimulate bone formation.
- Strength Training: Resistance exercises target major muscle groups to improve strength and support bone health.
- Balance Training: Exercises such as tai chi or stability exercises help improve balance and coordination, reducing the risk of falls.
- Postural Training:
- Posture Awareness: Educating patients about maintaining good posture to reduce stress on the spine and prevent fractures.
- Strengthening Core Muscles: Focus on exercises that strengthen the core to provide better support for the spine.
- Pain Management: Soft tissue manipulation (Massage) or modalities such as heat, cold, or electrical stimulation can help manage pain associated with osteoporosis-related conditions.
- Functional Training: Teach safe techniques for daily activities to minimize the risk of falls.
- Transfer Techniques: Train patients on safe ways to move from sitting to standing and other movements to enhance safety.
- Education:
- Bone Health Education: Provide information on the importance of nutrition (adequate calcium and vitamin D) and lifestyle changes.
- Fall Prevention Strategies: Educate on home modifications and safety tips to reduce fall risk.
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